Meaning:1 to have (general) 2 to have, possess, keep 3 having
Araban:eukaite 3
Bizkaian:euki 2
High Navarrese:ukan 1
Low Navarrese:ukhan, ukan, (arc) ukhen 1
Lapurdian:ukhan 1
Zuberoan:ǘkhen 1
Roncalese:ékun 1
Comments:Michelena (1961: 83) cites {eukaite}, a verbal noun from the extinct Araban dialect. The hypothetical *e=du-n 'to have' provides finite forms in all dialects, universally for the auxiliary, and in constructing periphrastic verbs, e.g. (c) hartu dut 'I took it' (earlier today) or 'I have taken it', and in northern ('French') dialects *-du- also supplies finite forms of the verb of possession 'to have'.
Proto-Basque:*e=uɫi
Meaning:fly (insect)
Araban:euli
Bizkaian:euli, (arc) eulli
Gipuzkoan:euli, elbi
High Navarrese:uli
Low Navarrese:uli, (Amikuse) üli
Salazarese:eulli
Lapurdian:uli
Baztanese:uli
Aezkoan:auli
Zuberoan:üli, ülli, ülü, üllü
Roncalese:éllu
Comments:Cf. Bur *haúl-al- 'butterfly, moth'; cf. Archi hil(i)ku 'fly', an isolated form in NC, if < *huli-ku.
Comments:Related to *hur 'water', with the *e=/*i= prefix, often associated with uncountable nouns (cf. *e=lhu-r̄ 'snow', *i=soc 'frost, ice', *i=sar̄ 'star').
Comments:A mysterious Bsq word, attested only in Landucci’s (1562) dictionary of Araban. The reconstruction shown is very provisional. There is not much foundation for a botanical suffix -l: but cf. Bsq (B) zume-l ‘kermes oak’ ~ Budukh ǯum-ǝl ‘cornel’, etc. Nevertheless, the core of the Bsq word, *er̄es- or *e=r̄es-, is semantically and phonetically a match for PNC *rä̆śwē.
Comments:This is an archaic Bsq word for 'kill', now mostly displaced by *hil (q.v.); cf. PNC *HīrχA 'to beat, hit, throw'. The word for 'killer' is from *erhai-le, with the common agent suffix *-le (q.v.).
Comments:Some forms may be blended with *har̄i 'stone' (salamanders and scorpions are 'stone crawlers'), or *erle 'bee'. There have been irregular ‘expressive’ phonetic transformations, common in words for creeping animals. The comparison with PNC *Ł_ăɦrV 'snake' is very tentative.
Comments:The element *es- resembles the Archi element as- in as-mus deqIes 'to marry', as:ǝ-ʎ:on:ol 'husband and wife' (NCED). It is compounded with *-kon- (unknown element); *-t-ai (possibly = (c) jai ‘celebration, holiday’); *-t-egu (prob. = *egun ‘day’).
Bizkaian:ez, (arc, Bermeo, Gernika, Mundaka, Plentzia) ze
Gipuzkoan:ez
High Navarrese:ez
Low Navarrese:ez
Salazarese:ez
Lapurdian:ez
Baztanese:ez
Aezkoan:ez
Zuberoan:ez
Roncalese:ez
Comments:In archaic B ze was used when followed by subjunctive or imperative verb forms. In Azkue’s time (~ 1900) this usage of ze was still current in Bermeo, Gernika, Mundaka, and Plentzia. Mitxelena proposed *eze (our *ese), Trask *eza ~ *eze, with the variants ze ~ ez arising from different accentuations of phrases.
Comments:In this analysis Bsq *esko is syncopated in the usual way, from *e=Seko, or the like. BZK, GIP ezko 'damp, moist' is probably unrelated (see Bsq *hese / *heśe 'fresh, moist').
